Unit -4
. Which of the following is a common workplace hazard?
(a) Physical hazards
(b) Chemical hazards
(c) Biological hazards
(d) All of the above
✅ Answer: (d) All of the above
2. What should be the first step in case of a fire at the workplace?
(a) Evacuate patients and staff
(b) Call the fire department
(c) Activate the fire alarm procedures
(d) Use water to put out the fire
✅ Answer: (c) Activate the fire alarm procedures
3. Why are electrical outlets not supposed to be overloaded in hospitals?
(a) It may cause a short circuit and fire
(b) It can increase electricity consumption
(c) It may affect other equipment functioning
(d) It can make the wires look messy
✅ Answer: (a) It may cause a short circuit and fire
4. Which agency provides global recommendations for controlling
hospital infections?
(a) WHO
(b) UNESCO
(c) NASA
(d) FDA
✅ Answer: (a) WHO
5. Which of the following is NOT a part of patient care safety
measures?
(a) Identifying patients at risk
(b) Preventing falls
(c) Encouraging patients to use heating pads frequently
(d) Preventing the spread of infections
✅ Answer: (c) Encouraging patients to use heating pads frequently
1. What is occupational health, and why is it important?
Answer:
Occupational health is a specialized field that focuses on the physical and
mental well-being of workers. It is important because:
It prevents workplace hazards and diseases.
It ensures a safe working environment.
It helps in maintaining the overall health and productivity of workers.
2. List two major hazards found in healthcare workplaces.
Answer:
The two major hazards in healthcare workplaces are:
Biological Hazards: Exposure to infectious diseases, bacteria, and viruses.
Chemical Hazards: Exposure to toxic chemicals, disinfectants, and radiation.
3. How can falls be prevented in a hospital environment?
Answer:
Falls can be prevented by:
Keeping the floor dry and free from obstacles.
Using handrails near bathtubs and shower areas.
Ensuring proper lighting in hallways and rooms.
Assisting elderly and disabled patients when walking.
4. What is the role of WHO and CDC in hospital infection control?
Answer:
WHO (World Health Organization): Provides global recommendations and
standards for infection control.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention): Studies infectious
diseases and develops guidelines for hospitals to prevent the spread of
infections.
5. Why is it important to use correct moving and handling techniques in a
hospital?
Top 10 Questions
Answer:
Prevents injuries to patients and healthcare workers.
Reduces strain on muscles and joints.
Ensures the safe transport of patients, especially those with mobility
issues.
Helps maintain proper posture and prevent workplace accidents.
6. Explain any four hospital fire safety measures.
Answer:
Four important fire safety measuresin hospitals are:
1. Fire Drills: Regular training to ensure staff knows emergency procedures.
2. Fire Extinguishers: Placing extinguishers at accessible locations.
3. Emergency Exits: Clearly marked and easily accessible exit routes.
4. Oxygen Safety: Ensuring areas with oxygen supply have "No Smoking" signs to
prevent fire hazards.
7. Describe five ways to prevent hazards at the workplace.
Answer:
1. Proper Hygiene: Maintain cleanliness to avoid infections.
2. Use Protective Gear: Wear gloves, masks, and gowns for safety.
3. Follow Safety Guidelines: Adhere to workplace safety protocols.
4. Report Unsafe Conditions: Inform supervisors about hazards.
5. Proper Waste Disposal: Dispose of medical waste carefully to prevent
contamination.
8. What is asepsis? Differentiate between surgical asepsis and medical
asepsis.
Answer:
Asepsis is the process of preventing infection by eliminating
microorganisms.
Surgical Asepsis: Complete removal of microorganisms (e.g., sterilizing
surgical instruments).
Medical Asepsis: Reduces the number of microorganisms (e.g.,
handwashing and disinfecting surfaces).
9. Explain the importance of patient care environment safety measures.
Answer:
Helps prevent injuries, falls, and infections.
Ensures a clean and safe environment for patients.
Provides a comfortable and stress-free healing space.
Reduces risks related to mobility and medication errors.
10. Discuss the role of a General Duty Assistant (GDA) in maintaining a
safe hospital environment.
Answer:
Ensures cleanliness and hygiene in patient rooms.
Assists in patient movement and handling.
Helps in infection control by following safety protocols.
Reports any hazards or unsafe conditions to supervisors.
Supports doctors and nurses in patient care activities.
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Unit -DBMS
1. Which of the following is NOT a type of database model?
a) Hierarchical Model
b) Network Model
c) Sequential Model
d) Relational Model
Answer: c) Sequential Model
2. Which key uniquely identifies each record in a table?
a) Foreign Key
b) Primary Key
c) Candidate Key
d) Alternate Key
Answer: b) Primary Key
3. What is the function of a Foreign Key in a database?
a) Ensures uniqueness in a table
b) Establishes a relationship between two tables
c) Stores binary data
d) Sorts the records in ascending order
Answer: b) Establishes a relationship between two tables
4. Which type of query is used to extract specific data from a database?
a) Action Query
b) Select Query
c) Append Query
d) Crosstab Query
Answer: b) Select Query
5. Which of the following is NOT an object in a database?
a) Forms
b) Reports
c) Folder
d) Queries
Answer: c) Folder
Top 10 Questions
1. What is a Database Management System (DBMS)?
Answer :
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that allows users to store,
retrieve, modify, and manage data in an organized way. It eliminates the need for
storing data in traditional files and provides a structured approach for managing
large datasets efficiently.
Examples of DBMS include MySQL, Oracle, MS Access, and LibreOffice Base.
2. What is the difference between Data and Information?
Answer :
Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures without any meaning, such as
names, phone numbers, and marks.
Information is processed, organized, and meaningful data that can be used for
decision-making, such as a student’s report card or an employee’s salary slip.
Example: A list of numbers representing student marks is data, but when these
marks are used to generate a report card, it becomes information.
3. What are the advantages of using DBMS?
Answer :
1. Efficient Data Management – Organizes large amounts of data systematically.
2. Reduces Data Redundancy – Avoids storing duplicate data.
3. Ensures Data Consistency – Keeps data accurate across multiple tables.
4. Enhances Security – Uses passwords and encryption to protect data.
5. Allows Data Sharing – Multiple users can access and update
data simultaneously.
4. Explain different types of database models.
Answer :
1. Hierarchical Model – Organizes data in a tree structure with parent-child
relationships, used in library catalog systems.
2. Network Model – Allows multiple relationships among data, used in airline
reservation systems.
3. Relational Model (RDBMS) – Stores data in tables with relationships
between them, commonly used in banking and education systems.
5. What is a Primary Key? Give an example.
Answer :
A Primary Key is a unique identifier assigned to each record in a table. No two
records can have the same primary key, and it cannot be left blank. Example: In a
school database, the Roll Number field is a primary key because each student has
a unique roll number.
6. What is the difference between a Primary Key and a Foreign Key?
Answer :
Primary Key uniquely identifies each record in a table.
Foreign Key is a field in one table that refers to the Primary Key of another table,
helping to establish relationships between tables.
Example: In a school database, the Roll Number in the Student Table is a Primary
Key, while the same Roll Number in the Marks Table is a Foreign Key, linking the
two tables.
7. What is a Query in DBMS? Mention its types.
Answer :
A Query is a request to retrieve, modify, or delete specific data from a database. It
helps in searching, filtering, and analyzing data efficiently.
Types of Queries:
1. Select Query – Retrieves specific records from a table.
2. Action Query – Performs operations like update, delete, or append records.
3. Parameter Query – Asks for user input before executing.
4. Aggregate Query – Performs calculations like sum, average, and count.
5. Crosstab Query – Summarizes data for comparison, like a pivot table.
8. What are Reports in a Database? How are they useful?
Answer :
Reports are used to present and format data from a database in a structured
manner. They help in:
1. Displaying Data Clearly – Organizing information in an easy-to-read format.
2. Printing and Sharing – Generating reports for official use.
3. Applying Formatting – Using colors, fonts, and grouping for better readability.
Example: A Sales Report summarizing daily transactions helps business owners
analyze profits.
9. Explain Referential Integrity with an example.
Answer :
Referential Integrity ensures that foreign key values in a table must have a
matching primary key value in another table. This prevents orphan records and
maintains data consistency. Example: If a Marks Table contains a Roll Number as
a Foreign Key, that Roll Number must exist in the Student Table If a student leaves
the school and their record is deleted from the Student Table, then referential
integrity ensures that their marks are also removed from the Marks Table to avoid
inconsistent data.
10. Damini is a programmer in an institute and is asked to handle the records
containing information on students. Suggest any 5 fields' name and their
data type of student database.
b). Create a table of Student based on the following table instance
c). Write a SQL command to create the table BANK whose structure is given
below.
d). Insert some information into a table COLLEGE, whose structure is given below.
Answer: a)
Answer : b)
CREATE TABLE STUDENT (ID Integer, Name varchar (15), Stream_Id Integer);
Answer: c)
The SQL command to create a table as per the given structure is as follows
Mysql> CREATE TABLE BANK (ID Number integer (10) PRIMARY KEY, Name varchar
(20), B date Date, Address varchar (50));
Answer: d)
(i) Mysql>INSERT INTO COLLEGE (ROLL_NO, NAME, CLASS, BRANCH) VALUES
(2, ‘VIKAS’,12, ‘SCIENCE’); (ii) Mysql>INSERT INTO COLLEGE (ROLL_NO, NAME,
CLASS, BRANCH) VALUES (3, ‘RAJ’, 10, ‘SCIENCE’);
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spreedsheets
1. What is the intersection of a row and a column in a spreadsheet called?
a) Box
b) Table
c) Cell
d) Chart
Answer: c) Cell
2. Which of the following is a function used to add numbers in a range?
a) ADD
b) SUM
c) TOTAL
d) PLUS
Answer: b) SUM
3. Which of the following is used to search for a value in the first column
of a table and return a value from a different column?
a) HLOOKUP
b) FIND
c) SEARCH
d) VLOOKUP
Answer: d) VLOOKUP
4. What is the symbol used to make a cell reference absolute in a
formula?
a) *
b) #
c) $
d) 2
Answer: c) $
5. Which of the following logical functions checks if all given conditions are
true?
a) IF
b) AND
c) OR
d) NOT
Answer: b) AND
1. What is a spreadsheet and how is it useful?
Answer:
A spreadsheet is a computer program that allows users to store, organize,
and manipulate data in a tabular format. It consists of rows and columns,
where the intersection of a row and a column forms a cell. Each cell can
contain text, numbers, formulas, or functions.
Spreadsheets are highly useful for various tasks, including:
Data Management: Storing and organizing large sets of data.
Mathematical Calculations: Performing complex arithmetic operations
using formulas.
Data Analysis: Creating charts, pivot tables, and reports for better
decision-making.
Financial Planning: Managing budgets, loans, and investments with builtin financial functions.
Automation: Using formulas and macros to reduce repetitive work.
Spreadsheets are widely used in businesses, schools, and research to improve
productivity and accuracy.
2. Explain the difference between a workbook and a worksheet.
Answer:
A workbook is a complete spreadsheet file that contains one or more
worksheets. When a user opens Microsoft Excel, a new workbook is created
by default. A workbook helps in organizing different sets of data within a
single file.
A worksheet is an individual sheet inside the workbook where data is entered
and manipulated. It consists of multiple cells, arranged in rows and columns.
Each workbook can have multiple worksheets, which can be named, added,
or deleted based on requirements.
For example, in a company's financial report workbook, one worksheet can
contain the income statement, another can have the balance sheet, and a
third may track expenses.
3. What are cell references? Explain different types of cell references.
Answer:
Top 10 Questions
A cell reference is a way of identifying a particular cell or range of cells in
a spreadsheet. It is used in formulas to fetch data from a specific location.
There are three types of cell references:
Relative Reference: Changes when copied to another cell. For example, if
=A1+B1 is copied to another row, it automatically updates to =A2+B2.
Absolute Reference: Remains fixed when copied. It is represented using
the dollar sign ($). For example, $A$1 will always refer to the same cell,
even when copied elsewhere.
Mixed Reference: Keeps either the row or column fixed while allowing the
other part to change. For example, $A1 keeps column A fixed, while A$1
keeps row 1 fixed.
Understanding cell references helps in creating dynamic formulas that adapt
to changes.
4. What is the purpose of the SUM function in Excel?
Answer:
The SUM function is a built-in formula in Excel used to add numbers from a
specified range of cells. It simplifies calculations by automatically summing
up values without requiring manual addition.
The syntax of the SUM function is:
=SUM(range).
For example, =SUM(A1:A5) adds the values in cells A1 to A5. This function is
commonly used in:
Financial Calculations: Summing expenses or revenue.
Inventory Management: Adding stock quantities.
Data Analysis: Computing total marks or averages.
The SUM function is one of the most frequently used functions in Excel.
5. How does the IF function work in Excel? Provide an example.
Answer:
The IF function is a logical function in Excel that checks a condition and
returns different results based on whether the condition is true or false. It
follows this syntax:
=IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false).
For example, =IF(A1>50, "Pass", "Fail") checks if the value in cell A1 is
greater than 50. If it is, the function returns "Pass"; otherwise, it returns
"Fail".
The IF function is useful in:
Grading Systems: Assigning grades based on marks.
Business Reports: Identifying high or low sales performance.
Data Filtering: Highlighting overdue payments.
Nested IF functions can also be used for multiple conditions, making Excel a
powerful decision-making tool.
6. What is the difference between VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP?
Answer:
Both VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP are lookup functions in Excel used to search
for a value within a table and return related information.
VLOOKUP (Vertical Lookup) searches for a value in the first column of a
table and returns data from a specified column. It is used when data is
arranged in columns.
HLOOKUP (Horizontal Lookup) searches for a value in the first row of a
table and returns data from a specified row. It is used when data is
arranged in rows.
For example, =VLOOKUP(101, A2:C5, 2, FALSE) finds the value "101" in
column A and returns the corresponding value from column 2. These
functions are commonly used in databases, employee records, and sales
reports.
7. Explain the concept of What-If Analysis in Excel.
Answer:
What-If Analysis is a powerful feature in Excel that allows users to explore
different outcomes based on changing input values. It is commonly used for
financial modeling, forecasting, and decision-making.
There are three main types of What-If Analysis:
Scenario Manager: Allows users to create multiple scenarios and compare
different possibilities.
Goal Seek: Helps find the required input value to achieve a desired result.
Data Tables: Displays multiple outcomes based on different input values.
For example, in a loan repayment model, What-If Analysis can show how
different interest rates affect monthly payments. It is useful in budgeting,
investment analysis, and business planning.
8. What is conditional formatting in Excel?
Answer:
Conditional Formatting is a feature in Excel that applies different formatting
styles to cells based on specific conditions. It helps in visually identifying key
data points.
Some common applications of conditional formatting include:
Highlighting cells with values greater than a certain threshold.
Changing background colors based on performance levels.
Displaying warning messages for incorrect data entries.
For example, setting conditional formatting to highlight all sales figures
above ₹50,000 in green makes it easier to identify top-performing products.
9. How do charts help in data representation in Excel?
Answer:
Charts in Excel convert numerical data into visual formats, making it easier
to analyze trends and patterns. There are different types of charts available,
including:
Bar Chart: Used for comparing data across categories.
Line Chart: Ideal for showing trends over time.
Pie Chart: Represents proportions or percentages.
Scatter Plot: Used to analyze relationships between two variables.
For example, a company can use a line chart to track monthly sales growth.
Charts help in presenting financial reports, business performance, and
research findings effectively.
10. What are some common errors in Excel formulas and their meanings?
Answer:
Excel formulas can sometimes display errors when something goes wrong.
Some of the most common errors include:
1. #DIV/0!: This occurs when a number is divided by zero or an empty cell.
#VALUE!: This happens when an incorrect data type is used in a formula.
#REF!: This appears when a referenced cell has been deleted.
#N/A: This occurs when a lookup function does not find the required
data.
#NAME?: This happens when Excel does not recognize a function or
formula name due to a spelling error.
Understanding these errors helps users troubleshoot and correct mistakes
quickly, ensuring accurate data analysis.